Before you buy a barcode, we have written this tutorial to help you understand the differences between UPC Barcodes and EAN Barcodes. Below are both an EAN barcode and a UPC Barcode. The EAN contains a 13-digit number, and the UPC contains a 12-digit number.
EAN = 0012345678905
UPC = (0)012345678905 or 012345678905
The GS1, the original source for barcodes, has created confusion between UPC (Universal Product Codes) and EAN (European Article Numbers, also called International Article Numbers). The UPC-A barcode was the original format for product barcodes. As demand in Europe, Asia, and Australia started growing, country codes were added. US and Canada have a country code of zero, which is not printed under the barcode nor is it entered in US and Canadian Inventory and Point of Sale Databases.
If you look at the graphics above, you will see they are exactly the same. The width of the bars and the width of the spaces between the bars are exactly the same. The only major difference is the placement of the numbers below (human-readable numbers), which are there only as a back-up in case the barcode doesn’t scan properly and the information has to be manually entered into the point of sale system.
Taking this a step further, we have overlaid the UPC and EAN graphics (symbologies) so you can see they are identical. The country code doesn’t appear beneath the barcode in a UPC since GS1 didn’t grasp the importance of the US and Canada indicating country codes. They felt that since the majority of products sold in both countries originate from importers, distributors, or manufacturers in the US or Canada, they could forego the leading zero in the human-readable numbers.
We still believe that if you currently do business exclusively in the United States and Canada, it is safer to order UPC barcodes for your products. Many retailers, especially smaller retailers, may be using older accounting and inventory systems that only allow them to enter 12-digit UPC numbers and not a 13-digit string. If this changes in the future, you can convert your 12-digit UPC to a 13-digit EAN by adding the country code 0. There is nothing on the horizon indicating that the US and Canada will ever switch to EAN-13 barcodes.
The following information is used with permission from George Laurer– http://www.laurerupc.com . Mr. Laurer is the inventor of the UPC barcode.
There seems to be considerable confusion concerning the difference and use of the U.P.C. code and EAN codes
“U.P.C. Version A” and “EAN-13” are and always have been 13-character symbols, and the numbers themselves have always been 13 characters long. The U.P.C. (Version A) symbol and the EAN13 symbol are essentially one and the same. They both have the same number of bars and spaces.
* I have used the name UCC throughout to avoid confusion, although it evolved to this name over many years. In 1975 it was called UPCC (Uniform Product Code Council).
The origin of EAN vs. U.P.C. confusion.
When I conceived the U.P.C. for the grocers in the U.S., only 12 digits were required, including the check character. I designed a symbol in which the left half was composed of “odd”- parity characters and the right half of “even”- parity characters. Each printed character has two bars and two spaces and is made up of 7 modules. Odd parity simply means the printed representation of the numeric digit has an odd number of dark modules. Conversely, even parity printed digits have an even number of dark modules.
The UCC* chose to call the U.P.C. a 10-character symbol and to print only 11 of the characters in human-readable form. The 10 characters identifying the manufacturer and item were printed below the bars. The “system number” character was printed halfway up the left side. Further, they chose to carry only 10 digits of the number in their files. The reason was both political and practical.
Before the symbol marking was considered, a well-known consulting firm was hired by the fledgling UCC to determine the number of digits needed to achieve the grocery industry’s goals. Considering many factors, not the least of which was the limited power of the day’s computers, a 10-digit figure was recommended. It was a tough sell to convince the many groups involved that they would have to change their numbering system to the new 10-digit format. Rather than admit that the consulting firm was wrong and so as not to open the number of digits argument again, the decision was to maintain that the U.P.C. was a 10-digit symbol and number. Another factor considered was that it was more difficult to key the EAN human-readable than the U.P.C. human-readable when the symbol did not scan. They fostered the illusion by requiring that the check digit be stripped at the scanner. The SN (system number) was necessary for in-store processing but not for records transferred between systems. The illusion was reinforced by not printing the SN in line with the 10 product-identifying digits and by not printing the check digit at all.
After the U.P.C. had been in use for several years, Europe recognized its usefulness but realized that a 13th digit was needed to identify the many countries. I encoded the extra digit by encoding the left half of the symbol with 3 characters of even parity and 3 of odd parity, then arranging them in various patterns, each pattern representing a different country code. The scanner recognizes a series of digits as the right half of a symbol if the parity of the characters is all even, and it recognizes the left half if it is composed of all odd parity characters, or if three characters are odd parity and three are even parity.
With the acceptance of the EAN in Europe, it was understood that the U.P.C. was actually 13 digits because the parity pattern of the left half of all odd characters was assigned the value (or country flag) of “0”. I pointed out that the UCC only printed 11 of the 13 digits and carried only 10 digits in the system. The UCC continued the delusion by using the foolish argument that “0” means nothing and therefore could be ignored. On the other hand, the European’s were smart enough from the very outset to call the EAN symbol what it is, “EAN-13,” and they printed all 13 characters. Systems in Europe carried all 10 country flags, including 0, in their records, and could process both UPC and EAN symbols and/or numbers. The U.S. grocery chains at the time were selling very few foreign goods and saw no reason to spend money on modifying their installed equipment. Although the U.P.C. was not widely accepted at that time, the UCC accommodated the foreign companies by issuing them U.P.C. numbers with the invisible country flag of “0”.
Although this was a burden on European companies and a waste of resources since many had both UPC and EAN-13 numbers, it wasn’t until two decades later that anything was done about it. In 1997 the Uniform Code Council, Inc announced project SUNRISE. This initiative required that all U.S. and Canadian companies must be capable of scanning and processing EAN-13 symbols, in addition to U.P.C. symbols, at point-of-sale by January 1, 2005. This has been completed; the UCC has changed its name to GS1 US, and they have taken the responsibility of controlling both U.P.C. and EAN numbers.
Simply put the U.P.C. and EAN-13 symbols and numbers are the same. Below is a U.P.C. symbol with its equivalent EAN-13 superimposed in red. One can see that the bars and space are the same, only the human-readable is different. Note that the U.P.C. has evolved in that the check digit is now printed and also that the SN has been brought down in line with the other characters but the country flag is still not printed. I would expect that in the near future the human-readable will also be changed to the EAN format.
Because there are more than 9 countries, the country flags have been further subdivided by using the next two digits for various uses and countries. The United States and Canada have the country flag 0 and subdivisions 000 through 139. It is interesting to note that the publishing industry produces so many products that it is its own country called “Bookland” for number assignment purposes. Bookland has been given two subdivisions of the country flag 9. They are 978 and 979.
–end of article by George Laurer.
